Field Service Crane Safety: 40+ Statistics and OSHA Compliance 2025

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Field Service Crane Safety: 40+ Statistics on Fatalities, Violations, and OSHA Compliance Through 2025

Crane-related fatalities average 42 to 44 per year in the United States, down from a historic average of 78 per year from 1992 to 2010 – but stubbornly persistent for a single equipment category. Over 90% of crane accidents are caused by human error. In a study of 249 overhead crane incidents, 838 OSHA violations were identified across 133 fatalities. The three leading killers are power line electrocution (32%), crane collapse (21%), and struck-by boom or jib (18%). Mobile cranes account for 78% of fatal incidents by crane type. And in field service environments specifically, the compounding of changing worksites, variable ground conditions, and ad hoc rigging setups makes every lift a distinct risk event. This article compiles 40+ statistics on crane accident causes, OSHA regulatory requirements, inspection obligations, operator certification, and what separates compliant field service crane operations from the incidents in the enforcement record.

40+ Statistics

BLS Fatality Data

OSHA 1926 Subpart CC

Field Service Compliance

42-44

Average annual crane-related fatalities in the U.S. from 2011 to 2017, down from 78 per year from 1992 to 2010, with more recent data showing no significant improvement in the trend

BLS CFOI; LegalClarity, May 2026

90%+

of crane accidents caused by human error, according to the Crane Inspection and Certification Bureau (CICB). A figure that has not meaningfully changed in decades despite improved equipment and tighter regulation

CICB; HSE Documents, April 2026

838

OSHA violations identified across 249 overhead crane incidents, resulting in 133 injuries and 133 fatalities – an average of 3.4 violations per incident, confirming that fatalities rarely occur in single-violation environments

Crane Training Universities; OSHA Outreach Courses, May 2026

Crane safety has improved materially over the past three decades. The average of 78 annual fatalities from 1992 to 2010 fell to approximately 42 to 44 per year between 2011 and 2017, coinciding with major regulatory changes including OSHA’s Subpart CC (29 CFR 1926.1400), which took effect in 2010 and introduced comprehensive requirements for operator certification, inspection protocols, power line safety, and assembly/disassembly procedures. But the improvement has plateaued. Recent data shows no significant reduction in the annual fatality count from the 2011-2017 average, and OSHA reported 7 fatal overhead crane incidents in industrial settings in just the first seven months of 2024.

In field service environments – where mobile and truck-mounted cranes operate at different sites each day, ground conditions vary with every setup, lift plans are developed in the field rather than in engineering offices, and crew composition changes between jobs – the compounding of variable hazards makes compliance more demanding, not less. The violations found in crane fatality investigations are consistent: power line contact, inadequate pre-shift inspections, missing or incomplete lift plans, rigging failures, and uncertified operators are the recurring citations. This article compiles 40+ statistics on crane accident causes, the regulatory framework, inspection requirements, and what compliant field service crane programs do differently.

Editor's Choice: Key Crane Safety Statistics for 2024-25

78%

of fatal crane incidents involve mobile or truck cranes – the crane type most common in field service operations. Of 375 identifiable fatal incidents in BLS/NIOSH data, 292 involved mobile or truck cranes. (NIOSH / eLCOSH analysis; BLS CFOI)

32%

of crane fatalities are caused by power line electrocution – the leading single cause of crane-related deaths. Overhead power lines within 20 feet of any crane operation trigger mandatory OSHA §1926.1408 mitigation requirements. (OSHA / BLS; Total Equipment Training, 2026)

52%

of all fatal crane injuries involve a worker being struck by an object or equipment – the most common fatality mechanism across all crane types, covering falling loads, swinging booms, and objects dislodged by crane movement. (BLS / OSHA data; Total Equipment Training, 2026)

80%

of crane accidents involve exceeding load capacities, per multiple industry analyses. Load capacity violation is the most frequent mechanical contributing factor to crane collapse, structural failure, and tip-over events. (360osha30.com, February 2026)

Fatal overhead crane incidents reported by OSHA in industrial settings in just the first seven months of 2024. On an annualized basis, this projects to approximately 12 per year in industrial settings alone, well above the prior annual baseline for overhead cranes. (360osha30.com / OSHA, 2026)

5 years

NCCCO certification validity period. Employers are responsible for ensuring all operator certifications remain current. Expired certifications during an OSHA inspection result in citation regardless of the operator’s actual competence. (29 CFR 1926.1427; TDS Crane, November 2025)

1. Crane Fatality Trends: From 78 Per Year to 42-44 Per Year - and Where We Are Now

U.S. Crane-Related Annual Fatality Average by Period (BLS CFOI)

~78/yr

1992-2010

~42-44/yr

2011-2017

2017 (low)

~40-45/yr

2021-2024

Sources: BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI); LegalClarity (May 2026); 360osha30.com (February 2026)

From 1992 to 2010, crane-related workplace fatalities averaged 78 deaths per year in the U.S., per BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) data. The historic peak was 97 deaths in 1997. This period preceded OSHA’s comprehensive Subpart CC standard, which was finalized in 2010. (BLS CFOI; LegalClarity, May 2026)
Following OSHA’s Subpart CC implementation, crane-related fatalities dropped sharply to an average of approximately 42-44 per year between 2011 and 2017. The 2017 figure of 33 deaths was the lowest single-year total since BLS began systematic crane fatality tracking. The regulatory intervention produced a measurable and sustained safety improvement. (BLS CFOI; LegalClarity, May 2026)
The improvement has not continued. More recent reporting suggests the annual crane fatality count has not improved significantly from the 2011-2017 average, with 2021 crane fatalities aligning with the 10-year average of 40-45 per year. OSHA reported 7 fatal overhead crane incidents in industrial settings in just the first seven months of 2024, projecting an annualized rate above the 2011-2017 industrial baseline. (360osha30.com, February 2026; HSE Documents, April 2026)
By crane type, mobile or truck cranes are disproportionately deadly: of 375 identifiable fatal crane incidents in BLS/NIOSH data, 292 (78%) involved mobile or truck cranes. Overhead/gantry cranes accounted for 12% of fatal incidents, tower cranes 5%, and floating/barge cranes 3%. The field service environment – where mobile cranes dominate – carries the highest-proportion fatal risk. (NIOSH / eLCOSH crane analysis; BLS CFOI)
By location, the majority of crane fatalities (27%) occurred on non-roadway construction sites, with factory and plant locations a close second at 24%. Road construction sites accounted for 8% and dockyards 7%. The distribution reflects where mobile cranes operate and where OSHA’s Subpart CC – which applies to construction – overlaps with general industry standards. (BLS CFOI; Koonz Law, 2024)

2. What Causes Crane Incidents: The Five Leading Killers

32%

Power Line Electrocution

The single leading cause. Crane booms contact overhead high-voltage power lines during lifts or travel. Required clearance under §1926.1408: 20 feet minimum unless specific mitigations are in place. Electrocution can also be caused by energized loads or grounding failures.

21%

Crane Collapse

Structural failures of the crane itself, most commonly from overloading (80% of accidents involve exceeding load capacity), inadequate ground support, or mechanical failure. Collapse often kills multiple workers simultaneously.

18%

Struck by Boom or Jib

Workers struck by the crane’s own structural components during operation, assembly/disassembly, or travel. Includes swing radius incidents where workers enter the swing path without establishing an exclusion zone.

37% / 27%

Crushed by Load / Rigging Failure

37% of documented crane fatalities involve workers crushed by a dropped load; 27% of incidents are caused by rigging failure specifically. Together these are not random events – they are inspection and rigging practice failures that show up as accidents.

12%

Falls from Height

Workers falling from heights ranging from 8 feet to over 100 feet during crane operation or maintenance. Includes falls from crane cabs, booms during inspection or maintenance access, and loads being hoisted.

Power line electrocution at approximately 32% of fatalities is not a random occurrence – it follows a consistent pattern: crane operators or signal persons who do not identify overhead lines before the lift, or who operate within the Table A restricted zone without implementing §1926.1408’s required mitigations. The 20-foot minimum clearance requirement under §1926.1408 is the first line of defense, but pre-lift power line surveys are what enable operators to identify whether the 20-foot threshold applies before operations begin. (OSHA §1926.1408; Total Equipment Training, May 2026)
The 80% load capacity exceedance figure reflects a common field service failure mode: operators relying on visual estimates or rule-of-thumb calculations rather than verifiable load weights and crane capacity charts. A lift plan that specifies load weight, radius, boom angle, and configuration – and is verified against the crane’s load chart by a qualified person – is the engineering control that prevents overload events. (360osha30.com, 2026; OSHA lift plan requirements)
The 838 OSHA violations found across 249 crane incidents averages to 3.4 violations per incident. Crane fatalities almost never occur in a single-violation environment – they occur in environments where multiple control failures coincide: no pre-shift inspection, no lift plan, no signal person, boom within power line clearance distance simultaneously. Addressing any one of these individually while allowing the others to persist does not meaningfully reduce risk. (Crane Training Universities; OSHA Outreach Courses, May 2026)
Over 90% of crane accidents caused by human error (CICB) masks a more operationally useful finding: the specific human errors are predictable and preventable. Communication failures between operator and signal person, inadequate pre-lift planning, skipped pre-shift inspections, and rigging assembled by unqualified workers are the documented human error categories. Each has a specific regulatory requirement, training standard, and supervisory verification point. (CICB; HSE Documents, April 2026)

3. The OSHA Regulatory Framework: Subpart CC (1926.1400) and 1910.179

OSHA Crane Standards: Key Provisions of 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC and 1910.179

§1926.1402

Ground Conditions. The equipment user must inform the operator of ground conditions including: soil type, slopes, underground utilities, voids, ditches, and previous ground disturbance. Employers must ensure the ground can support the crane’s rated load at the planned configuration.

§1926.1407-1411

Power Line Safety. Minimum 20-foot clearance from live power lines unless specific mitigations (enclosures, de-energizing, insulating links, proximity alarms) are used. Table A specifies required clearances by voltage. Cranes may not operate in the Table A zone without utility company verification or de-energization.

§1926.1412

Inspections. Pre-shift (every shift), monthly (at minimum), and annual (qualified person) inspections. Shift inspection: controls, safety devices, hydraulic/pneumatic lines, hooks, electrical systems, ground conditions. Logs must be maintained. Monthly inspections address structural components, rope condition, mechanical systems.

§1926.1413

Wire Rope Inspection. Daily inspection by a qualified person. Criteria for removal from service include: broken wires, kinking, corrosion, heat damage, wear, and core failure. Wire rope failures are a leading cause of load drops – the most common fatal mechanism after power line contact.

§1926.1427

Operator Certification and Qualification. Operators must be certified by an accredited body (NCCCO or equivalent) for the specific crane type being operated. Certification is type-specific – a tower crane certification does not qualify an operator to operate a mobile crane. NCCCO certifications valid 5 years.

§1926.1428

Signal Person Qualifications. Signal persons must be qualified for each signaling method they use. Qualification must be documented. A signal person who is not qualified for hand signals cannot legally serve as a hand signal person – regardless of experience.

Sources: OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC; Scarlet Tech (September 2025); TDS Crane (November 2025)

OSHA’s Subpart CC (29 CFR 1926.1400) applies to power-operated equipment used in construction that can hoist, lower, and horizontally move a suspended load. Field service crane operations at construction sites fall within Subpart CC scope regardless of whether the primary work performed by the field service crew is installation, maintenance, or repair – if the work is at a construction site and the crane is expediting that work, Subpart CC governs. (OSHA scope interpretation, March 2012; 29 CFR 1926.1400)
General industry crane operations follow 29 CFR 1910.179. OSHA standards 1926.1412 and 1910.179 were updated in October 2025, emphasizing stricter compliance and advanced inspection practices. Field service crews operating at non-construction industrial facilities must assess which standard applies before lifting begins. (TDS Crane, January 2026)
OSHA’s $1926.1427 operator certification requirement is type-specific and employer-enforced: an operator with a mobile crane certification cannot legally operate a tower crane on a construction site, and vice versa. Employers must verify that certification type matches the specific crane being operated – not just that the operator holds any NCCCO certification. (TDS Crane, November 2025; NCCCO)
For field service work specifically, the ground conditions requirement at §1926.1402 is the most frequently overlooked compliance element. At construction sites where the field service crew is not the primary contractor, the equipment user (the field service employer) must obtain ground condition information from the controlling entity before setting up the crane. Operating on assumed rather than verified ground conditions is a documented citation pattern in OSHA crane enforcement. (OSHA §1926.1402; crane compliance analysis)
Signal person qualification under §1926.1428 must be method-specific. In multi-employer worksite environments – common in field service – employers cannot assume that another employer’s worker is qualified to serve as a signal person for their crane operation unless documented qualification for the specific signaling method (hand signals, voice/radio, or electronic) can be produced. (OSHA §1926.1428; multi-employer worksite compliance)

4. Crane Inspection Requirements: Three Tiers, One Compliance Gap

Tier 1: Pre-Shift Inspection (Every Shift)

Conducted by the operator or designated competent person before each shift’s operation begins. Covers: controls and indicators, safety devices, hydraulic and pneumatic lines, hooks and latches, electrical systems, wire rope, tires and ground support. Must be documented and logged. Crane cannot be used until deficiencies are corrected.

Tier 2: Monthly Inspection

Conducted by a qualified person at monthly intervals. Covers structural components (boom, jib, links, pins), mechanical systems, wire rope in detail, sheaves, drums, braking systems, and load-indicating devices. Findings must be documented. California OSHA requires inspection records retained for a minimum of 48 months.

Tier 3: Annual Inspection

Conducted by a qualified person at 12-month intervals regardless of use. More comprehensive than monthly inspections, covering all mechanical and structural systems. Crane must pass annual inspection before returning to service. For mobile cranes, boom structural integrity assessment is a key annual component.

OSHA’s three-tier inspection system (pre-shift, monthly, annual) under §1926.1412 is designed to catch different categories of failure: pre-shift inspection catches operational and environmental changes (ground conditions, weather, setup issues); monthly inspection catches developing mechanical deterioration; annual inspection catches cumulative structural wear and systems-level degradation. Field service operations that compress these three functions into only pre-shift checks are systematically missing two of the three detection layers. (OSHA §1926.1412; TDS Crane, January 2026)
Wire rope inspection under §1926.1413 requires daily inspection by a qualified person – more frequent than the three-tier crane body inspection schedule. Wire rope is the life safety critical path for every suspended load: failure of a crane’s wire rope while a load is suspended is the mechanical precursor to the 27% of fatalities attributed to rigging failure and a substantial portion of the 37% attributed to crushed-by-load events. (OSHA §1926.1413; crane fatality cause analysis)
Documentation is not optional. OSHA requires inspection logs that record: the date of inspection, the type of inspection (pre-shift, monthly, annual), the identity of the person performing the inspection, and any deficiencies identified and how they were addressed. Field service operations that inspect equipment but do not document the inspection are unable to demonstrate compliance during OSHA investigations of incidents. (OSHA §1926.1412; Cal/OSHA 48-month retention; TDS Crane, January 2026)
The October 2025 updates to OSHA’s crane inspection standards emphasize advanced inspection practices and stricter compliance, particularly for mobile cranes in variable field environments. The practical implication for field service: pre-shift inspection checklists that were adequate for 2020 compliance may not satisfy the elevated documentation expectations in post-October 2025 enforcement. (TDS Crane, January 2026)

5. Power Line Safety: The 20-Foot Rule and the §1926.1408 Framework

Default Minimum Clearance

20 feet from any live power line – no part of the crane, rigging, or load may come within 20 feet of an energized line unless one of the §1926.1408 mitigations is actively in place. At voltages above 350 kV, §1926.1409 increases required clearances.

Required Before Operations Near Lines

Determine whether overhead power lines are present within the crane’s work zone before any boom is raised. Contact the utility to determine voltage. Establish whether the 20-foot buffer is achievable – if not, either de-energize the line, erect physical barricades, install insulating line guards, or use a dedicated spotter watching for line approach.

Field Service-Specific Risk

Field service crews at unfamiliar sites cannot assume a power line survey was conducted by the site owner or primary contractor. The field service employer must independently assess power line locations for every setup at every site – a task that requires a pre-lift survey protocol, not an assumption based on prior visits to similar sites.

Power line contact is responsible for approximately 32% of crane-related fatalities – the leading single cause – despite being one of the most preventable failure categories. The preventive requirement is straightforward: identify whether overhead lines are present before lifting, determine the voltage and required clearance, and implement the appropriate mitigation before the boom is raised. The fatalities occur when this pre-lift survey step is skipped entirely. (OSHA §1926.1407-1411; Total Equipment Training, May 2026)
OSHA’s Table A distances for power line clearance are specific to voltage: for lines up to 350 kV, the default minimum clearance is 20 feet. Operations closer than Table A distances are permitted only if the requirements of §1926.1410 are followed, which requires utility company coordination, capacity verification, and specific physical controls. Field service employers who operate within Table A distances without completing the §1926.1410 process are in direct violation regardless of how many prior lifts were completed without incident. (OSHA §1926.1408-1410; crane compliance analysis)
The multi-employer worksite dimension: in field service environments where the host facility controls the power distribution infrastructure, the field service crane operator depends on the host facility to have identified and communicated the location and voltage of overhead lines. This information transfer must happen before the crane is set up, not during the lift. Pre-job coordination with the host facility’s facilities team or safety officer is the mechanism for obtaining the required ground and overhead hazard information. (OSHA §1926.1402; multi-employer worksite power line safety)

6. Operator Certification and Signal Person Qualification: The Human Factor Framework

NCCCO certification – most widely used accredited operator testing organization

Type-specific – mobile crane cert does NOT qualify operator for tower crane

Employer evaluation – required in addition to NCCCO cert, for the specific machine

5-year renewal cycle – expired cert = OSHA citation regardless of operator skill

Signal person qualification – method-specific and must be documented

Under 29 CFR §1926.1427, every crane operator working in construction must hold certification by an accredited testing organization for the type of crane being operated. The National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators (NCCCO) is the most widely recognized accredited certification body. NCCCO certification requires passing both written and practical examinations covering load charts, rigging techniques, and safe operating procedures. (OSHA §1926.1427; TDS Crane, November 2025)
Certification is type-specific and cannot be transferred across crane categories. An operator with NCCCO mobile crane certification cannot legally operate a tower crane on a construction site without tower crane certification. In field service operations where the same crew may use different crane configurations at different jobs, each operator must hold certification for each crane type they will operate. (TDS Crane, November 2025; NCCCO)
Beyond third-party certification, §1926.1427 also requires an employer-conducted evaluation on the specific machine the operator will use. This evaluation is separate from the NCCCO certification and assesses whether the operator can safely operate the specific crane (make, model, configuration) they will be assigned. For field service operations using rented or customer-site cranes, the employer evaluation must be completed before lifting begins on each new equipment configuration. (OSHA §1926.1427; Scarlet Tech, September 2025)
Signal person qualification under §1926.1428 must be documented for each signaling method the signal person will use: hand signals, voice/radio communication, and electronic signaling are separate qualifications. The qualification must be documented – a signal person who cannot produce or whose employer cannot produce qualification documentation cannot legally perform signal person duties. For field service operations at multi-employer worksites, this documentation verification responsibility falls on the crane operator’s employer, not the site’s primary contractor. (OSHA §1926.1428; Scarlet Tech, September 2025)

7. Lift Planning and Field Service Compliance: What Every Lift Requires

Load weight

Verified, not estimated. Must be documented in the lift plan before operations begin

Radius and boom angle

Determines capacity from load chart. Changes in radius during the lift require re-verification against load chart

Ground conditions

Soil type, slopes, underground utilities, voids – verified from host facility or tested on site before setup

Power line survey

Location and voltage of overhead lines within the crane’s work zone – before any boom is raised

Rigging configuration

Sling type, rated capacity, angle factor applied, attachment method – by a qualified rigger per ASME B30.9

Lift plans are not bureaucratic documents – they are engineering calculations in a documented format. A compliant lift plan for field service operations must state: load weight (verified, not estimated), lift radius, boom angle and configuration, applicable load chart data confirming capacity, ground condition assessment, power line clearance status, rigging configuration with capacity verification, and the identity of the competent/qualified person who approved the plan. NCCCO provides a quick-reference lift plan format that mirrors OSHA’s requirements. (OSHA lift plan requirements; Scarlet Tech, September 2025)
In field service environments, the critical lift plan discipline is treating each setup at each site as a new engineering problem, not a repeat of the previous setup. Ground conditions differ. Overhead hazards differ. Load weights may differ from the previous similar job. A lift plan developed for Monday’s site at Customer A does not transfer to Tuesday’s site at Customer B, even if the work is nominally the same. (field service crane safety principles)
Rigging must be performed by qualified riggers. OSHA’s definition of a qualified rigger is a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has demonstrated the ability to solve problems related to rigging. A worker who is assigned to rig a load without meeting this qualification is not a qualified rigger under OSHA definitions, and the lift is not in compliance regardless of how many times a similar lift has been performed without incident. (OSHA rigger qualification definition; 29 CFR 1926)
Assembly and disassembly of cranes under §1926.1404 requires a competent and qualified Assembly/Disassembly (A/D) director to supervise the work. This requirement applies whenever a crane is assembled or disassembled – including setup at the beginning of a field service job and breakdown at the end. Field service employers who assign assembly to general crew members without an A/D director are in direct citation exposure. (OSHA §1926.1404; Scarlet Tech, September 2025)

Key Takeaways for Field Service Crane Operators, Employers, and Safety Managers

Crane fatalities are not random – they follow a predictable violation pattern

838 OSHA violations across 249 crane incidents (3.4 per incident), 90%+ human error causation, and the same five leading fatal mechanisms appearing year after year confirm that crane fatalities are not accidents in the random sense. They are outcomes of specific, identifiable, regulatory-covered failure modes: power line contact without pre-lift survey, no pre-shift inspection, no lift plan, rigging by unqualified workers, operators without valid type-specific certification. Addressing any one of these while leaving others unaddressed does not make a lift program safe. All five must be controlled simultaneously.

Power line survey is required before every boom is raised – at every site

At 32% of crane fatalities, power line contact is the leading cause. Every field service setup at every new site must include a documented power line survey identifying overhead line locations and voltage before the boom is raised. A field service crew cannot rely on the site owner’s awareness of overhead lines, a signal person’s visual warning during the lift, or the absence of an incident at the previous site. The pre-lift survey is the required control – not a response to the problem after it is observed. Contact the utility for voltage confirmation if lines are within or near the work zone.

Mobile cranes carry 78% of fatal incidents – field service is in the highest-risk category

Of identifiable fatal crane incidents in BLS/NIOSH data, 78% involved mobile or truck cranes – the dominant crane type in field service operations. This is not a coincidence of usage volume alone. Mobile cranes operate in variable environments, on unverified ground conditions, without permanent overhead hazard mapping, and with crews that change composition between jobs. The variability of the field service environment generates the conditions under which mobile crane risks materialize. OSHA’s Subpart CC requirements were specifically designed for this environment; treating them as administrative compliance requirements rather than engineering controls is the mindset that produces incidents.

Operator certification is type-specific and must be current – employer verification is required

NCCCO certification for a mobile crane does not authorize the operator to run a tower crane, and vice versa. Certifications expire every five years. Employers are responsible for verifying that each operator holds current, type-specific certification for each crane they operate and for conducting employer evaluations on the specific machine before operations begin. For field service operations where crew composition changes and rented cranes are common, the employer verification step before each job is the compliance checkpoint that prevents citation when an inspector asks to see operator certification records.

Three-tier inspections are not optional – documentation is the proof

OSHA’s three-tier crane inspection system (pre-shift, monthly, annual) under §1926.1412 covers different failure categories at different timescales. Field service operations that inspect equipment but do not document the inspection cannot demonstrate compliance during investigations. Wire rope inspection under §1926.1413 is a daily requirement, separate from the crane body inspection schedule, because wire rope failure is a leading precursor to load drops. Inspection without documentation is invisible to OSHA, to insurance carriers reviewing a claim, and to attorneys evaluating a fatality case.

Every field service lift is a distinct engineering problem – not a repeat of the last one

Ground conditions, overhead hazards, load weight, and rigging configuration differ at every site. A lift plan completed for Monday’s job at Customer A does not transfer to Tuesday’s job at Customer B even for nominally similar work. Field service crane employers who develop generic lift plan templates and apply them across sites without site-specific verification are not producing compliant lift plans – they are producing documented assumptions. The required elements (load weight, radius, load chart verification, ground conditions, power line survey, rigging configuration) must be determined for each lift at each site, documented, and approved by a qualified person before lifting begins.

Sources

Government and Regulatory Sources

Statistics and Industry Sources